Skills in Early Years

幼儿阶段的技能

儿童在成年中获得和发展技能的过程通常被称为发展。这个过程涉及学习和整合能力，这些能力组合起来执行更复杂的任务，如走路、说话和玩耍。幼儿阶段有五个主要的发展方向，包括大运动技能（例如爬行、跳跃或跑步）、精细动作技能（例如书写和绘画）、演讲和语言、认知和智力技能（例如，计数或辨别形状）以及社交和情感技能（例如，与其他孩子一起玩耍）。

IBPYP

What is Approaches to learning support early learners?

什么是支持幼儿学习者的学习方法？

“国际文凭组织认为，学生必须了解他们该如何学习，从而使他们成长为在目前和未来能够成功地开展目的明确的探究的自控型学习者。国际文凭组织已经确定了5类相互关联的技能。它们可以被灵活地应用到各种学习情境当中，并适合处于各个成长阶段的学习者广泛应用。这些技能被称为学习方法（ATL）”(IBO, 2008)。

“The IB believes that it is essential for students to have an understanding of how they learn in order for them to become self-regulated learners who can successfully engage in purposeful inquiry today and in the future. The IB has identified five categories of interrelated skills. These are transferable across contexts and apply broadly to learners at all stages of development. These skills are called the approaches to learning (ATL)” (IBO, 2008).

学习方法（ATL）

Approaches to Learning (ATL’s)

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学习方法支持学生主动性，以及他们对认知和元认知技能和秉性的发展。这些学习方法共同帮助学生有效地进行思考，研究，交流，开展社交和管理自己。国际文凭组织相信，通过有意识地运用各种技术和策略、信息反馈和挑战，就能够支持学生熟练地掌握学习方法中的任何技能。对学习方法的掌握可以通过由教育者引导的探究活动来明确规划，也可以隐含在日常课堂活动中和由学生发起的探究和玩耍当中。 The ATL empower students to take control of their own learning by cultivating cognitive and metacognitive skills and dispositions.By fostering a proactive approach to learning, students learn to think critically, conduct research, communicate effectively, socialize confidently, and manage themselves efficiently. With the deliberate use of techniques and strategies, coupled with feedback and challenge, the IB believes that students can master any of the ATL. Whether through explicit planning or implicit classroom activities, the development of ATL can inspire students to become self-regulated learners, capable of achieving their goals and aspirations.

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发展思考技能包括仔细观察和通过看到各种关系和联系综合出新的理解。这种方法有助于学习者积极探究，勤于思考。组织编排信息，评价证据，检验各种概括、策略或想法可以帮助学生成为坚持原则，全面发展的人。 Developing thinking skills involves careful observation and synthesis of new understandings by identifying relationships and connections. This approach helps learners become better inquirers and thinkers. Organizing information, evaluating evidence, and testing generalizations and ideas can help students become principled and balanced individuals.

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获得研究技能包括从各种来源收集信息，运用所有感官去观察细节和注意细节，并记录观察结果，以便达到积极探究，善于交流的培养目标。对信息和材料进行整理和分类将使孩子们成为知识渊博，善于交流的人。 Acquiring research skills involves gathering information from a variety of sources, using their senses to observe and notice details, and recording observations to become better inquirers and communicators. Sorting and categorizing information will develop knowledgeable learners.

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沟通技能对于使用字词和句子进行自我表达，以用各种不同的方式记录信息和观察结果至关重要，这鼓励他们成为知识渊博，善于交流的人。以积极和尊重的方式倾听别人的想法，并以各种方式记录信息和观察结果，将有助于学生成为懂得关爱，善于交流的人。 Communication skills are essential for students to express themselves using words and sentences and to document information and observations in various ways, thereby encouraging them to become both knowledgeable and communicators. Listening respectfully and actively to others' ideas, and documenting information and observations in various ways will help students show that they are caring and good communicators.

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培养社交技能包括注意倾听他人的想法、尊重他人、实践同理心、分享和轮流以及帮助他人。这些技能将鼓励学生成为懂得关爱，胸襟开阔的人。认识到自己和他人的感受、控制愤怒和化解冲突将有助于学生成为及时反思，坚持原则的人。 Fostering social skills involves listening carefully to others, being respectful, showing empathy, sharing and taking turns, and helping others. These skills will encourage students to be caring and open-minded individuals. Being aware of their own and others' feelings, managing anger, and resolving conflicts will help students become reflective and principled individuals.

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培养自我管理技能需要遵循课堂常规并分担做决定的责任。这种方法将鼓励学习者成为坚持原则的人。 Developing self-management skills requires following classroom routines and sharing responsibility for decision-making. This approach will encourage learners to be principled individuals.

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作为教育工作者，我们有难得的机会通过深思熟虑的探究计划来培养学生的各种技能。通过平衡有目的的学习体验，培养批判性思维和研究技能，鼓励交流、社交和自我管理，我们可以使学生充分发挥他们最大的潜力。 As educators, we have the incredible opportunity to cultivate a diverse range of skills in our students through thoughtful inquiry planning. By balancing purposeful learning experiences to nurture critical thinking and research skills with playful activities that encourage communication, socialization, and self-management, we can empower our students to reach their fullest potential.